| Feature | Series Circuit 🔗 | Parallel Circuit 🔀 | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Only one path for the current to flow. | More than one path for the current to flow. | | If one bulb blows? | The circuit breaks; all other bulbs go off. | The other bulbs stay lit. | | Current (I) | Same throughout ($I_total = I_1 = I_2$). | Splits up ($I_total = I_1 + I_2$). | | Voltage (V) | Splits up ($V_total = V_1 + V_2$). | Same across each branch ($V_total = V_1 = V_2$). | | Resistance (R) | Increases (Adds up). | Decreases (More paths = easier flow). |

A 12 V battery is connected to a 4 Ω resistor. What is the current?

“Groups of three,” Mr. Adebayo called. “You’ll build a simple circuit, test conductors and insulators, and explain one real-life application.” Maya teamed with Luka and Siti. They spread their kit on the lab table: a small bulb, battery, wires, a switch, a metal paperclip, a wooden skewer, and a strip of rubber.

Before diving into the exercises, let us diagnose the three biggest pain points:

"F2 Science — Electricity: hands-on lab today! Build circuits, compare series vs parallel, test conductors, and investigate how changing cells or resistance affects bulb brightness. Safe, simple experiments to spark curiosity about electrons and circuits!"

A) Increase current B) Change resistance C) Open or close the circuit D) Measure voltage