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Agencies like (for male idols, known as Johnnys ) and AKB48 (for female idols) have perfected a business model that monetizes the relationship itself. Idols are marketed as "unfinished" products; fans invest emotionally and financially to watch them improve. The infamous AKB48 General Election turns album sales into votes, commodifying fandom.

In the 20th century, Japan's entertainment industry experienced significant growth, driven by the rise of: